We examined the levels of hydroxyurea in tissues of representative of invertebrate and vertebrate groups. Hydroxyurea, however, is virtually unknown in nature with a record of its presence in the bacterium Streptomyces garyphalus as an intermediate in cycloserine synthesis and a report in human plasma at levels close to the limits of detection (2.6 μM).
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It is listed as an “essential medicine” by the World Health Organization. It is, or has been used in the treatment of a variety of neoplastic diseases, sickle cell anemia, psoriasis, myeloproliferative diseases and infectious diseases such as HIV. Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) which inhibits DNA synthesis in a variety of organisms. Various studies show it has antiviral, antibacterial, and antineoplastic properties. Hydroxyurea is a remarkable compound that has been known to science since1869 when it was first synthesized. In light of the known production of nitric oxide from exogenously applied hydroxyurea, endogenous hydoxyurea may play a hitherto unknown role in nitric oxide dynamics. Hydroxyurea is widely used clinically in the treatment of certain human cancers, sickle cell anemia, psoriasis, myeloproliferative diseases, and has been investigated as a potential treatment of HIV infection and its presence at high levels in tissues of elasmobranchs and other organisms suggests a novel mechanism for fighting disease that may explain the disease resistance of some groups.
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skin of the frog (64 μM), intestine of lobster (138 μM) gills of the surf clam (100 μM)) had levels high enough to have antiviral effects based on in vitro studies. erinacea showed increasing levels of hydroxyurea with development, indicating the capacity for hydroxyurea synthesis. The species with highest concentrations was an elasmobranch (sharks, skates and rays), the little skate Leucoraja erinacea with levels up to 250 μM, high enough to have antiviral, antimicrobial and antineoplastic effects based on in vitro studies. Hydroxyurea occurs in all the organisms we have examined including invertebrates (molluscs and crustaceans), fishes from several major groups, amphibians and mammals.
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Here we report the widespread natural occurrence of a known antibiotic and antineoplastic compound, hydroxyurea in animals from many taxonomic groups. Associated Data Data Availability Statement This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.